Each brief description contains links to our key papers on the topic. The link will take you to the Pubmed entry, which will show the abstract and links to the paper. In many cases the paper is available for free (either an open-access paper or a PMC version of the final manuscript). A comprehensive bibliography page is coming in the future.
We also published the first BOLD fMRI images of dyspnea. Blood Oxygen Level Dependent functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging provides greater sensitivity and resolution than PET. These studies showed Important activations in right and left anterior insula, amygdala, cerebellum, and anterior cingulate. The limbic and paralimbic areas activated show commonality with pain, thirst, and hunger. (Evans et al 2002, Binks, Evans et al 2014 )
Our fMRI studies were also able to detect activation of the Amygdala. This paralimbic structure has long been associated with fearful emotion. Consistent with this, our work has shown that Air Hunger feels threatening and evokes fear. Prior to this date, brain imaging studies of somatic pain (eg, hot thermodes on the skin) had not detected amygdala activation. Focal skin pain is unpleasant, but not threatening. In contrast, later studies of visceral pain showed amygdala activation. Visceral pain does feel threatening and can evoke fear. (Evans et al 2002)
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